The European Union’s delusions regarding China and its hypocrisy towards India
Hypocrisy is the one word that captures the EU’s policy towards India, whereas delusion aptly describes its China policy. Instead of harping on soft-power, India must re-visit its EU policy in accordance with Realpolitik.
It is no secret that the European Union (EU) is a confused geopolitical entity today1. Brussels is sharply divided on major issues such as pandemic response, and global alliances not only within the Parliament but also among the governments that rule the individual States in the EU. On the one hand, the EU criticized Donald Trump’s travel ban2 during the pandemic, while shutting its own borders with other EU countries, and enforcing a travel ban on its own3.
On the other hand, Brussels actively courts anti-democratic totalitarian one-party government in China and her investments in the EU, under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)4. The EU Parliament moved resolutions5 against a vibrant democratic Republic of India on its domestic legislation, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) duly ratified through a procedure established by law, passed by both houses of India’s Parliament. Yet, the EU stance was notably pusillanimous on the suppression of facts by China during the early days of COVID pandemic6, and China’s territorial aggression against India, Taiwan, and in the South China Sea during the Summer of 2020. This selective outrage, hypocrisy towards democratic India, while waxing eloquent about ‘common democratic values’ and delusions regarding totalitarian China, makes EU an unreliable actor that India cannot count on as a strategic partner.
For the benefit of readers living in India, let me point out that the realities of the EU are quite different from the chorus of ‘India-EU partnership’ clamour in Delhi. Observing the EU’s foreign policy, while living in the EU, breathing the air, and observing social realities, is very different from watching Brussels sitting in Delhi, where the EU is painted as a romantic, ideal political entity.7The truth is, over nearly two years of carefully observing EU foreign policy from Warsaw, one has witnessed how hollow, fragile and inward-looking the institutions of EU really are, and how polarized the society is deep down8, beneath the superficial layers of nicety and old-world charm.
There exist multiple fault lines, between rural and urban Europe, an increasingly unemployed youth and their disconnect with an ageing older population, friction between migrants and the native Europeans at subterranean levels even in ‘progressive’ Scandinavian States, coupled with rising Islamophobia9 not just in Central and Eastern Europe, but also in certain States in Western Europe. 10Yet, these disaffections do not manifest as massive protests every alternate day, which is why Delhi is clouded in her perceptions of the EU. Therefore, the EU as an ideal political entity seen from Delhi is a myth.
The hollow character of the EU was exposed most recently by the COVID-19 pandemic. The very first instinct of each of the EU member states in response to the pandemic was not to put up a united fight but to shut their own borders with each other. This was against the very foundations of the Maastricht Treaty to the extent that Italy’s desperate plea for help, during the initial weeks, fell on deaf ears in Brussels.11
Social cohesion is increasingly an issue in the EU, as refugees from North Africa and the Middle East have poured in over the last decade, the conversations inside the living rooms in EU, as well as in political circles in Brussels and various State capitals 12, have been largely in hushed tones, about the changing demography and the means to counter it. These conversations have obvious strategic implications for India’s economic skilled migrants, but also because in Poland, Romania, Hungary, and even in certain cities in Western Europe, Indians are often seen as Pakistanis, Arabs and even as refugees with negative connotations, and in rare cases, subjected to discriminatory comments and racial attacks13 with Islamophobia at its core.
On the contrary, a vast majority of the Indian community in the EU are highly skilled workers and students.14 Has the EU ever guaranteed the safety, security, and fair treatment of Indian nationals? Islamophobia in Europe15 16, is perhaps at an all-time high17 18 and coupled with unemployment, this should come as no surprise to Indian policymakers that Democracy Index in Hungary, Poland and Romania continue to slide further down19, far below India and yet the EU has the audacity to give India sermons on a law that was passed within the ambit of the Constitution of India and still under the consideration of the Supreme Court20.
This is not to indicate that everything is perfect when it comes to the CAA in India. Far from it, this legislation has become a deeply divisive issue in India, from Assam to Kerala.21 It has divided the people of India among two camps, leading to widespread protests by the youth in the capital and various cities across India. However, as a Constitutional democracy, the very fact that protests, debates, and judicial review processes are underway in India, are itself signs of a healthy vibrant democracy. Yet, the EU’s overenthusiasm to criticize India, compared to its refusal to give a joint statement alongside the US, UK, Australia and Canada, to criticize China’s actions in Hong Kong22, should be a clear message to India, that the EU considers China as strategically more important than India23.
The studied silence of the EU on China 24is a classic case of appeasement of a rising revisionist power in international politics. Appeasement is not a new phenomenon in European geopolitics, but something that is in the very DNA of Europe’s strategic thinking25. The Western European powers did everything possible to appease Nazi Germany during the early stages of the Second World War, till it became clear that they could not appease Hitler any further without giving up their own territorial and national security26. Thus, the EU will continue to appease China, it becomes a direct threat to the EU itself. Indeed, those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it.
In India, policymakers tend to overlook these obvious facts of an unreliable EU because India’s foreign policy towards Brussels have been primarily influenced by her notions of moral responsibility and soft-power – democracy, the diversity of languages, religion, the cultural values, historical contacts, and so on. This allows the EU to have delusions of grandeur and treat India as a junior partner in the relationship, while occasionally delivering sermons on ‘moral conduct’ such as the criticism on India’s CAA. Realpolitik begs the question; can India take the EU seriously as a strategic partner knowing that it is a waning actor in the International system, considering that Brussels was ready to abandon even its own Member State Italy, during a moment of crisis? The proof of the pudding is in the eating of it.
Therefore, India must have realistic calculations on the role of the EU as a partner. Should there be a conflict between India and China in the future, given the current standoff in Ladakh, the EU is likely to be a bystander, a mere spectator of China’s aggressive designs. Forget intelligence sharing or military cooperation, even diplomatic support is very unlikely. Realpolitik should drive India’s EU policy and not make-believe rhetoric of ‘strategic partnership’. As India rises, and the EU wanes27, the EU needs India far more than ever for the reasons explained below.
Internally, over the next three decades, the EU finds itself with internal social cohesion issues such as an ageing population, second-generation Muslim migrants that are still not assimilated in the mainstream and live in ghettos in parts of Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden, Norway, and countries like Hungary and Poland that continue to dilute the Constitution, without actually amending the Constitution on paper. Bruce Ackermann has famously written about Constitutional changes that do not change the Constitution itself.
Externally, the EU faces a resurgent Russia on its East, a reluctant old friend in the form of United States across the Atlantic and a threatening China on its South-East. Therefore, the EU has no choice but to be a partner and work with India. However, the Indian policy-making establishment needs to make it abundantly clear to the EU that this is possible only if such a partnership respects, accepts and accommodates India’s core national interests including Art 370 and the CAA without crossing India’s red lines.
If the EU cannot do so, it must note that India can also play the same game, bringing global attention to EU’s domestic political schisms and social vulnerabilities – which is a pandora’s box with internal social inequalities galore, anti-migration rhetoric, the ghettoization of its Muslim citizens, dilution of Constitution in countries that are a part of the EU, and pusillanimity that favours totalitarian China. However, India’s principle of not indulging in in the internal politics of other States may have held New Delhi back so far.
References
- Bildt, C., 2020. In Times Of Strategic Confusion, Deeper Dialogue Is A Must. (online) ECFR. Available at: <https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_eu_india_relations> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- (www.dw.com), D., 2020. EU Criticizes President Trump’s Travel Ban | DW | 13.03.2020. (online) DW.COM. Available at: <https://www.dw.com/en/eu-criticizes-president-trumps-travel-ban/av-52750441> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Migration and Home Affairs – European Commission. 2020. Temporary Reintroduction Of Border Control – Migration And Home Affairs – European Commission. (online) Available at: <https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/reintroduction-border-control_en> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Fmprc.gov.cn. 2020. Promoting High-Quality Belt And Road Cooperation Between China And Europe. (online) Available at: <https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1661888.shtml> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Hindustan Times. 2020. European Parliament Will Take Up Resolutions Opposing CAA. (online) Available at: <https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/europe-house-may-take-up-resolutions-opposing-caa/story-Ro182NUpL5rOfN4FNjQv9J.html> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Nytimes.com. 2020. Pressured By China, E.U. Softens Report On Covid-19 Disinformation. (online) Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/world/europe/disinformation-china-eu-coronavirus.html> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Bhide, P., Wani, R., Wani, R., staff, S., staff, S., Leeza, K. and Leeza, K., 2020. Tapping Into The Potential Of The EU-India Relationship. (online) South Asian Voices. Available at: <https://southasianvoices.org/tapping-into-potential-eu-india-relationship/> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Oiger. 2020. Einwanderung Polarisiert Europäer – Oiger. (online) Available at: <https://oiger.de/2018/10/19/einwanderung-polarisiert-europaeer/169692> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Aa.com.tr. 2020. Europe: Montée Du Racisme Antimusulman En 2018. (online) Available at: <https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/europe-mont%C3%A9e-du-racisme-antimusulman-en-2018/1598126> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Nytimes.com. 2020. Opinion | Why Is Europe So Islamophobic?. (online) Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/06/opinion/europe-islamophobia-attacks.html> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Quinn, Palmer, Kimball, Detsch, Hirsh, Braw, Ferraresi, Barker, Older, Ferraresi, Barker, Older, Bordoff, Garrett and Alden, 2020. The EU Is Abandoning Italy In Its Hour Of Need. (online) Foreign Policy. Available at: <https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-eu-abandoning-italy-china-aid/> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- *Author’s personal conversations, and observations during interactions with EU citizens in Brussels, Warsaw, Vienna, Amsterdam, Athens, Sicily, Prague.
- Hindustan Times. 2020. Poland Tops List Of Countries Where Indian Students Were Attacked In 2017. (online) Available at: <https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/poland-tops-list-of-countries-where-indian-students-were-attacked-in-2017/story-uayfI813C1dBUdaLFdHi6H.html> (Accessed 30 July 2020).
- Ec.europa.eu. 2020. (online) Available at: <https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/immigration-students/0_immigration_of_international_students_to_the_eu_sr_24april2013_final_en.pdf> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- Tomson, D., 2020. The Rise Of Sweden Democrats: Islam, Populism And The End Of Swedish Exceptionalism. (online) Brookings. Available at: <https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-rise-of-sweden-democrats-and-the-end-of-swedish-exceptionalism/> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- Aa.com.tr. 2020. Norway: Islamophobic Group Insults Muslims, Harms Quran. (online) Available at: <https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/norway-islamophobic-group-insults-muslims-harms-quran/1505552> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- Devji, F., 2020. From Xinjiang To Germany: How Did Islamophobia Become A Global Phenomenon? | Faisal Devji. (online) the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/27/xinjiang-germany-islamophobia-global-phenomenon> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- Hollo, L. and Hollo, L., 2020. Islamophobia Is On The Rise In France. (online) Aljazeera.com. Available at: <https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/islamophobia-rise-france-191105083245903.html> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- Pitt, M., 2020. Editorial: The State Of Democracy In Europe – The New Federalist. (online) The New Federalist. Available at: <https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/editorial-the-state-of-democracy-in-europe?lang=fr> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- ThePrint. 2020. Supreme Court To Hear Pleas Challenging CAA After Sabarimala Matter. (online) Available at: <https://theprint.in/india/supreme-court-to-hear-pleas-challenging-caa-after-sabarimala-matter/376041/> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- The Economic Times. 2020. Assam Tense; Protests Against CAA In Other States. (online) Available at: <https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-tense-protests-against-caa-in-other-states/articleshow/72579331.cms> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- www.euractiv.com. 2020. EU Reluctant To Condemn China Over Hong Kong Law Ahead Of September Summit. (online) Available at: <https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/eu-reluctant-to-condemn-china-over-hong-kong-law-ahead-of-september-summit/> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- Hutt, D., 2020. Why Europe Is Divided Over The India-China Border Dispute. (online) Forbes. Available at: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhutt/2017/09/02/why-europe-is-divided-over-india-china-border-disputes/#3fe4df445cb2> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- Washington Post. 2020. (online) Available at: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.washingtonpost.com%2fworld%2feurope%2feu-defends-handling-of-china-relations-after-beijing-censors-op-ed-by-blocs-ambassadors%2f2020%2f05%2f07%2ffd2ac638-9066-11ea-9322-a29e75effc93_story.html> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- Ahval. 2020. EU’S Policy Of Appeasement With Totalitarian Turkey Is Irrelevant | Ahval. (online) Available at: <https://ahvalnews.com/eu-policy/eus-policy-appeasement-totalitarian-turkey-irrelevant> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- HISTORY. 2020. Hitler Appeased At Munich. (online) Available at: <https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hitler-appeased-at-munich> (Accessed 4 August 2020).
- 2020. (ebook) Available at: <https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015.pdf> (Accessed 4 August 2020).